Introduction
tube
function
simple compounds
metabolism
lamina
propria
muscularis
serosa
Mouth
grinding
saliva
weapon
mastication
bolus
dental lamina
enamel organ
dental papilla
dental sac - cementum - modified bone
enamel - ameloblast
dentine - odontoblasts
pulp
periodontal ligament
alveolus
incisors
premolars
molars
brachydont - short crown
hypsodont - long crown
photo02
deciduous teeth - primary
I1 etc
canine teeth C
premolars P
molars M
dental formula 3
1 4 2
photo03
3 1 4 3
cattle dental pad
hypoglossus muscle basihyoid bone
genioglossus muscle symphysis
of mandible
prehensile organ cattle
papillae
filiform,
taste
buds and serous glands
fungiform,
circumvallate,
mucus
glands , taste buds, serous glands
foliate (horse , pig, dog)
Lips, Cheeks, Jaws, Palate
species differences
cheeks - buccal cavity
conical papillae
jaw muscles -
masseter,
temporal, pterygoid closes the mouth
-
digastricus, occipitmandibular, sterno-mandibularis open it
hard palate
soft palate
lips
labial glands
planum nasolabiale =
cattle
planun rostrale = pigs
tactile hairs
lampers in horses cavernous
tissue
Tonsils
lymphoid
palatine dog
covered in other animals
lingual tonsils - horse cow and pig
pharyngeal tonisils - adenoids man only
Pharynx
air and food
Eustachian tube
laryngeal portion
reflex to close
nasal portion
muscles
swallowing epiglottis closes larynx
pharyngeal diverticulum pigs giving pills or tubing is a problem
Esophagus
dorsal to trachea
hiatus
cardia
sphincter
striated muscle 2/3
smooth 1/3 except
the dog and ruminants is all striated
left side
cardia
fundus
body
pylorus
lesser curvature
greater curvature
esophageal region is covered with stratified epithlium
cardic gland region
mucus
fundic gland region
photo05
mucus
neck cells
parietal
cells HCl
chief
cells - pepsionogen to pepsin with HCl
pyloric gland region
foveolae
folding
epithelium
lamina propria
Ruminant Stomach
photo18
proventriculus (forestomach)
rumen
reticulum
omasum
esophageal groove to
omasum
reticulum
honeycomb
hardware
disease
rumen
left side
dorsal ( largest) sac
dorsal
coronary
dorsal
blind sac
ventral
sac
ventral
coronary pillar
right
and left longitudinal pillars
cranial
and caudal pillars
papillae
absent in dorsal rumen
smooth
muscle
sulcus
ruminoreticularis
omasum
spherical
grind
right
side
dry
orifice
reticulo-omasal omasal-abomasal
vela
terminalia folds
abomasum (true stomach)
glandular
pylorus
mucus
Small Intestine
duodenum - duct
mesoduodenum - mesentary
common bile duct
pancreatic duct
jejunum
ileum
osteum ileale (ileal-cecal-colic junction)
Large Intestine
cecum
colon
rectum
anus
cecum
large
colon
right
ventral colon
sternal
flexure
left
ventral colon
pelvic
flexure
left
dorsal colon
'diaphragmatic
flexure
right
dorsal colon
transverse
colon
descending
colon
palpation
Pig
spiral
colon
Dog
short
large intestine
typical
carnivore without sigmoid flexure
Ruminants
cecum
colon
-ascending ,transverse, descending
rectum
Digestive Tract
peritoneum
mesothelium
parietal
visceral
mesentery
blood
vessels
lymphatics
support
attachments
omentum
greater
omentum
lesser
omentum
ligament
Other Structures
crypts of Lieberkuhn
enterokinase
activates
trypsinogen amylase
Brunner's glands - mucus
lymph nodes
Peyers patches ileum
serosa (viseral peritoneum)
muscularis
longitudinal
outer layer
circular
inner layer
peristalsis
submucosa -
connective
tissue between the layers inner circular layer and musclaris mucosae
blood
vessels
Meissners'
plexus
Auerbach's
plexus
lamina propria
basis
of mucous membrane
finger
like projections of the villi
blood
vessels, lymph vessels
microvilli
mucosa
epithelial
layer of the villi
Accessory Digestive Glands
salivary glands
parotid -
ventral
ear
duct
4th premolar
mandibular - submaxillary
duct
ventral to tongue
frenulum
linguae
mixed
sublingual salivary gland
lateral
surface of floor of mouth by tongue
polystomatic
not encapsulated
monostomatic
capsule
serous
mucous
mixed
zymogen granules
Pancreas
endocrine
exocrine
NaHCO3
digestive enzymes
islets of Langerhan
glucagon
- alpha cells
insulin
- beta cells
inhibits
insulin and glucagons
somatostatin
- delta cells
inhibits gh,
tsh,acth
pancreatic
duct
common
bile duct
lobes
location
blood supply - hepatic portal system , hepatic artery
detoxification
gall bladder - except the horse, rat
hepatic duct
cystic duct
common bile duct
tubular arrangement of hepatocytes
bile canaliculus
central vein
sinusoids
triad ( small bile ducts, hepatic artery, portal vein)
macrophage Kupffer cells (reticuloendothelial)
Physical Factors in Digestion
Prehension and Chewing
mastication
teeth structure
hypsodont herbivore
points - floating
muscles
Salivary Glands
photo19
sympathetic nerves
cranial cervical ganglion
parotid salivary gland
glossopharyngeal nerve
paraysmpathetic nerve
mandibular and sublingual
chorda typympani branch of VII facial nerve + lingual br of
V trigeminal
salivary reflex
lubrication
psychic or cephalic phase
vagus nerve
little amylase
Swallowing
deglutition
volunatary initially
involuntary second
process with tongue and palate
bolus
pharynx reflex
third stage of deglutition is peristalsis of esophagus
Gastric movements
simple stomach
relax cardia
movement in pyloric antrum
factors influencing emptying through pylorus
volume of food
fluidity
chemical composition
chyme in duodenum
enterogastric reflex
cholecystokinin
basic electrical rhythm - pacemaker cells cardiac region
hunger contractions dependent
upon blood glucose
Ruminant Stomach
photo18
complex contractions
reticulum cont forcing fluid into rumen
frequency 2.3/min eating 2.8/min
hyperglycemia decreases rumination
hypoglucemia increases rumination
regurgitation
remastication
reinsalivation
average 8 hrs daily ruminating
roughage
closure of the reticular groove
nursing bypass
Omasum
packed tight
grinds solids
Abomasum
contents stimulate contraction
Small Intestine
reflex movement
mix, propel, and absorb
rhythmic segmentation
peristalsis
reverse peristalsis
Large Intestine
sluggish
haustrations
mass movement
gastrocolic reflex